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　　The Development of Steam Power

　　【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood charcoal was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron raw iron. The iron industry"s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to becom#e the world"s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia"s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.

　　【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat. By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal"s potential wad enormous.

　　【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling in circles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercom#e these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcom#en in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcom#en engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.

　　【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763: Watt was called on to repair a Newcom#enengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcom#en"s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.

　　【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the 1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The use of powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helped iron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited cokewhich is made from coal in the smelting of pig iron the process of refining impure iron after1770 in the 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.

　　【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the British iron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production was only 17:000 tons, but by 1844: with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort"s inventions, it hadincreased to 3,000:000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.

　　试题

　　1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain' s short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?

　　A.Wood from Britain"s great forests was beingexported to other countries for profit.

　　B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.

　　C.Larger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.

　　D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.

　　2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia"s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.

　　A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.

　　B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.

　　C.Russia"s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia"s energy resourceseventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.

　　3he word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.reliable

　　B.plentiful

　　C.well-preserved

　　D.existing

　　4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain"s energy?

　　Ao help explain why the energy crisis was so severe

　　Bo show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well supplied

　　Co emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heat

　　Do indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century

　　5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcom#en engines were similar EXCEPT:

　　A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.

　　B.Both produced steam by burning coal.

　　C.Both were used to operate pumps.

　　D.Both were very inefficient.

　　6he word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.independent

　　Balented

　　C.famous

　　D.ambitious

　　7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt"s major achievement?

　　A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.

　　B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.

　　C.He improved the efficiency of Newcom#en"s engine by preventing energy from being lost.

　　D.He redesigned Newcom#en"s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.

　　8he word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.original

　　B.necessary

　　C.magnificent

　　D.popular

　　9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?

　　Ahe use of coke in the smelting of pig iron

　　Bhe invention of a furnace that used coke to refine iron

　　Che discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoal

　　Dhe invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron

　　10.In paragraph 6, why does the author com#pare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?

　　Ao contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuries

　　Bo illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort"s invention

　　Co demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in Britain

　　Do demonstrate how inexpensive coal had becom#e

　　11he word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.advantageous

　　B.essential

　　C.less costly

　　D.highly stimulating

　　12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?

　　Ahe steam engine"s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.

　　B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.

　　C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.

　　D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.

　　13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vastforests.

　　By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendously important. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood charcoal was thefuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron raw iron. The ironindustry"s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to becom#e the world"s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia"s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.

　　14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided belo com#plete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.

　　By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.

　　Ahe development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.

　　B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.

　　Cwo inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcom#e the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.

　　D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.

　　Ehe puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.

　　F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.

　　参考答案

　　1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF

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